Americans naturalising here run into a requirement that reaches into a second legal system, since the Dutch renunciation rule and United States exit-tax rules operate independently of each other. Renunciation cannot be undone, so what each side triggers matters before anything is filed.
That's genuinely not a call to make without a cross-border tax and immigration advisor, but here's the shape of the trade-off. On the Dutch side, you're required to renounce US citizenship to naturalise unless you fall under a standard exception — most commonly marriage or registered partnership to a Dutch citizen, which covers a lot of American expats here. There's no confirmed special carve-out just for having lived in the Netherlands a long time, so don't assume years of residence alone gets you out of it. On the US side, renouncing citizenship is a separate, voluntary act at a US consulate, and if you're a "covered expatriate" it can trigger the exit tax under IRC §877A — broadly, net worth of $2 million or more, average US tax liability above an inflation-adjusted threshold over the prior five years, or failing to certify five years of US tax compliance. The exit tax treats your worldwide assets as sold the day before you renounce, with a shielded gain exclusion adjusted annually. Check current thresholds at irs.gov and get proper advice before doing anything you can't undo.