Turkish nationals form one of the largest migrant communities here, and one with a famously high rate of dual nationality, which fuels an assumption that some special bilateral arrangement exists. The routes that actually work run through the general exceptions, with military-service timing adding its own complication.
Often yes, but through the general exceptions rather than anything Turkey-specific. If you're naturalising via marriage or registered partnership with a Dutch citizen, that exception applies regardless of your nationality, so plenty of Turkish nationals keep both passports that way without issue. Outside that, the ordinary rule applies to Turkish nationals like everyone else: Turkey does allow renouncing citizenship, unlike Morocco or Iran, so "my country won't let me give it up" isn't an out here. If you do end up formally renouncing Turkish citizenship to satisfy the Dutch requirement, Turkey has a well-used fallback — the Mavi Kart (Blue Card), which keeps most civil and economic rights like property ownership, inheritance, and the ability to work, just not voting or public office. Military service timing matters too: under 38 you can generally renounce without having completed service if you'd previously deferred it, 38–45 usually requires completing or buying out service first, and once you're Dutch and no longer Turkish there's no further conscription liability. The Turkish-Dutch community's famously high dual-nationality rate comes from decades of heavy use of the marriage exception, not a special bilateral deal.